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plēbs (-bis)

  • 1 plēbs (-bis)

        plēbs (-bis) plēbis, or plēbēs, ēī (ei) or ī, f    [PLE-], the common people, commons, commonalty, plebeians, folk: plebem facio meam, win to my support, T.: nisi quod populus plebesve sanxit: plebei scitum, a decree of the commons: plebi contra patres concitatio: tribunum plebi creare, L.: plebis libertas: iucunda res plebei: dominandi studio permota, S.: cum plebe agere.— The great mass, multitude: in Hyrcaniā (opp. optimates).— The populace, lower class, mass, vulgar: multitudo de plebe, L.: multa sine nomine, V.: Plebs eris, you shall be plebeian, H.: Immensa nimiaque, Iu.: (deorum), the lower ranks, O.: superūm, O.

    Latin-English dictionary > plēbs (-bis)

  • 2 plebs

    plebs (in inscriptions often PLEPS), -bis, and archaic plēbēs (‡ plēbis), is and ĕi (plebium, Prud. steph. 10, 709:

    plebibus,

    Aug. Ep. 166), f. [root ple-, fill; whence Gr. pimplêmi, plêrês; cf. plê thos, multitude].
    I.
    Lit., the common people, the commons or commonalty, the plebeians (opp. the patricians, senators, and knights;

    whereas populus signifies the collective people, including, therefore, the Senate),

    Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 10: plebes in hoc regi antistat loco, licet Lacrumare plebi, regi honeste non licet, Enn. ap. Hier. Epit. Nep. p. 590 Mign. (Trag. v. 271 Vahl.):

    plebs a populo eo differt quo species a genere: nam appellatione populi universi cives significantur, connumeratis etiam patriciis et senatoribus: plebis autem appellatione sine patribus et senatu ceteri cives significantur,

    Just. Inst. 1, 2, 4; cf. Gai. Inst. 1, 3:

    plebes dominandi studio permota a patribus secessit,

    Sall. C. 33, 3:

    ita tribuni plebei creati duo,

    Liv. 2, 33, 2:

    dum decem tribunos plebi faceret,

    id. 3, 65, 4:

    non enim populi, sed plebis eum (sc.: tribunum plebis) magistratum esse,

    Liv. 2, 56:

    populo plebique Romanae,

    Cic. Mur. 1, 1:

    in duas partes ego civitatem divisam arbitror in patres, et plebem,

    Sall. Or. ad Caes. 2, 5; Liv. 2, 56:

    Martia Roma triplex equitatu, plebe, senatu,

    Aus. Idyll. 11, 78.—
    II.
    Transf., in gen.
    A.
    The great mass, the multitude:

    in Hyrcaniā, plebs publicos alit canes, optimates domesticos,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

    plebem et infimam multitudinem delinire,

    id. Mil. 35, 95.—
    B.
    With accessory notion of contempt, the populace, the lower class or order, the mass ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    multitudo de plebe,

    Liv. 5, 39:

    si quadringentis sex septem millia desunt, Plebs eris,

    you shall be plebeian, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 59:

    misera,

    id. S. 1, 8, 10:

    ventosa,

    id. Ep. 1, 19, 37:

    immensa nimiaque,

    Juv. 11, 194.—Among the gods:

    plebs Superūm, Fauni, Satyrique, Laresque, Fluminaque, et Nymphae, Semideūmque genus,

    Ov. Ib. 81.—Of bees, a stock, swarm, hive (meaning the great mass, opp. to the queen); in plur. (rare):

    tres alveorum plebes,

    Col. 9, 11, 1: corona plebium, Prud. steph. 10, 709.—
    C.
    The whole people, nation, community, = populus (late Lat.), Vulg. Gen. 23, 13:

    plebs tua Israel,

    id. Luc. 2, 32 et saep.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > plebs

  • 3 B

    B, b, indecl. n., designates, in the Latin alphabet, the soft, labial sound as in English, unlike the Gr. beta (B, b), which approached the Engl. v in sound; v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 124 sqq. At the beginning of words it represents an original dv or gv, and elsewhere an original gv, p, v, or bh ( v); v. Corss. Ausspr. I. pp. 134, 161. It corresponds regularly with Gr. b, but freq. also with p, and, in the middle of words, with ph; cf. brevis, brachus; ab, apo; carbasus, karpasos; ambo, amphi, amphô; nubes, nephos, etc.; v. Roby, Gram. I. p. 26; Kühner, Gram. § 34, 6. In Latin, as in all kindred languages, it was used in forming words to express the cry of different animals, as balare, barrire, baubari, blacterare, boare, bombitare, bubere, bubulare; children beginning to talk called their drink bua; so, balbus denoted the stammering sound, bambalio the stuttering, blatire and blaterare the babbling, blaesus the lisping, blandus the caressing. At the beginning of words b is found with no consonants except l and r (for bdellium, instead of which Marc. Emp. also wrote bdella, is a foreign word); but in the middle of words it is connected with other liquid and feeble consonants. Before hard consonants b is found only in compounds with ob and sub, the only prepositions, besides ab, which end in a labial sound; and these freq. rejected the labial, even when they are separated by the insertion of s, as abspello and absporto pass into aspello and asporto; or the place of the labial is supplied by u, as in aufero and aufugio (cf. ab init. and au); before f and p it is assimilated, as suffero, suppono; before m assimilated or not, as summergo or submergo; before c sometimes assimilated, as succedo, succingo, sometimes taking the form sus (as if from subs; cf. abs), as suscenseo; and sometimes su before s followed by a consonant, as suspicor. When b belonged to the root of a word it seems to have been retained, as plebs from plebis, urbs from urbis, etc.; so in Arabs, chalybs ( = Araps, chalups), the Gr. ps was represented by bs; as also in absis, absinthi-um, etc. But in scripsi from scribo, nupsi from nubo, etc., b was changed to p, though some grammarians still wrote bs in these words; cf. Prisc. pp. 556, 557 P.; Vel. Long. pp. 2224, 2261 ib. Of the liquids, l and r stand either before or after b, but m only before it, with the exception of abmatertera, parallel with the equally anomalous abpatruus (cf. ab init. and fin.), and n only after it; hence con and in before b always become com and im; as inversely b before n is sometimes changed to m, as Samnium for Sabinium and scamnum for scabnum, whence the dim. scabellum. B is so readily joined with u that not only acubus, arcubus, etc., were written for acibus, arcibus, etc., but also contubernium was formed from taberna, and bubile was used for bovile, as also in dubius ( = doios, duo) a b was inserted. B could be doubled, as appears not only from the foreign words abbas and sabbatum, but also from obba and gibba, and the compounds with ob and sub. B is reduplicated in bibo (cf the Gr. piô), as the shortness of the first syllable in the preterit bĭbi, compared with dēdi and stĕti or sti/ti, shows; although later bibo was treated as a primitive, and the supine bibitum formed from it. Sometimes before b an m was inserted, e. g. in cumbo for cubo kuptô, lambo for laptô, nimbus for nephos; inversely, also, it was rejected in sabucus for sambucus and labdacismus for lambdacismus. As in the middle, so at the beginning of words, b might take the place of another labial, e. g. buxis for pyxis, balaena for phalaina, carbatina for carpatina, publicus from poplicus, ambo for amphô; as even Enn. wrote Burrus and Bruges for Pyrrhus and Phryges; Naev., Balantium for Palatium (v. the latter words, and cf. Fest. p. 26).—In a later age, but not often before A.D. 300, intercourse with the Greeks caused the pronunciation of the b and v to be so similar that Adamantius Martyrius in Cassiod. pp. 2295-2310 P., drew up a separate catalogue of words which might be written with either b or v. So, Petronius has berbex for verbex, and in inscrr., but not often before A. D. 300, such errors as bixit for vixit, abe for ave, ababus for abavus, etc. (as inversely vene, devitum, acervus, vasis instead of bene, debitum, acerbus, basis), are found; Flabio, Jubentius, for Flavio, Juventius, are rare cases from the second century after Christ.—The interchange between labials, palatals, and linguals (as glans for balanos, bilis for fel or cholê) is rare at the beginning of words, but more freq. in the middle; cf. tabeo, têkô, and Sanscr. tak, terebra and teretron, uber and outhar; besides which the change of tribus Sucusana into Suburana (Varr. L. L. 5, § 48 Müll.; Quint. 1, 7, 29) deserves consideration. This interchange is most freq. in terminations used in forming words, as ber, cer, ter; brum or bulum, crum or culum, trum, bundus and cundus; bilis and tilis, etc.—Finally, the interchange of b with du at the beginning of words deserves special mention, as duonus for bonus, Bellona for Duellona, bellum for duellum, bellicus for duellicus, etc., and bis from duis.—As an abbreviation, B usually designates bonus or bene. Thus, B. D. = Bona Dea, Inscr. Orell. 1524; 2427; 2822:

    B. M. = bene merenti,

    ib. 99; 114; 506:

    B. M. P. = bene merenti posuit,

    ib. 255:

    B. D. S. M. = bene de se meritae,

    ib. 2437:

    B. V. V. = bene vale valeque,

    ib. 4816:

    B. M. = bonae memoriae,

    ib. 1136; 3385:

    B. M. = bonā mente,

    ib. 5033;

    sometimes it stands for beneficiarius, and BB. beneficiarii,

    ib. 3489; 3868; 3486 al.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > B

  • 4 b

    B, b, indecl. n., designates, in the Latin alphabet, the soft, labial sound as in English, unlike the Gr. beta (B, b), which approached the Engl. v in sound; v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 124 sqq. At the beginning of words it represents an original dv or gv, and elsewhere an original gv, p, v, or bh ( v); v. Corss. Ausspr. I. pp. 134, 161. It corresponds regularly with Gr. b, but freq. also with p, and, in the middle of words, with ph; cf. brevis, brachus; ab, apo; carbasus, karpasos; ambo, amphi, amphô; nubes, nephos, etc.; v. Roby, Gram. I. p. 26; Kühner, Gram. § 34, 6. In Latin, as in all kindred languages, it was used in forming words to express the cry of different animals, as balare, barrire, baubari, blacterare, boare, bombitare, bubere, bubulare; children beginning to talk called their drink bua; so, balbus denoted the stammering sound, bambalio the stuttering, blatire and blaterare the babbling, blaesus the lisping, blandus the caressing. At the beginning of words b is found with no consonants except l and r (for bdellium, instead of which Marc. Emp. also wrote bdella, is a foreign word); but in the middle of words it is connected with other liquid and feeble consonants. Before hard consonants b is found only in compounds with ob and sub, the only prepositions, besides ab, which end in a labial sound; and these freq. rejected the labial, even when they are separated by the insertion of s, as abspello and absporto pass into aspello and asporto; or the place of the labial is supplied by u, as in aufero and aufugio (cf. ab init. and au); before f and p it is assimilated, as suffero, suppono; before m assimilated or not, as summergo or submergo; before c sometimes assimilated, as succedo, succingo, sometimes taking the form sus (as if from subs; cf. abs), as suscenseo; and sometimes su before s followed by a consonant, as suspicor. When b belonged to the root of a word it seems to have been retained, as plebs from plebis, urbs from urbis, etc.; so in Arabs, chalybs ( = Araps, chalups), the Gr. ps was represented by bs; as also in absis, absinthi-um, etc. But in scripsi from scribo, nupsi from nubo, etc., b was changed to p, though some grammarians still wrote bs in these words; cf. Prisc. pp. 556, 557 P.; Vel. Long. pp. 2224, 2261 ib. Of the liquids, l and r stand either before or after b, but m only before it, with the exception of abmatertera, parallel with the equally anomalous abpatruus (cf. ab init. and fin.), and n only after it; hence con and in before b always become com and im; as inversely b before n is sometimes changed to m, as Samnium for Sabinium and scamnum for scabnum, whence the dim. scabellum. B is so readily joined with u that not only acubus, arcubus, etc., were written for acibus, arcibus, etc., but also contubernium was formed from taberna, and bubile was used for bovile, as also in dubius ( = doios, duo) a b was inserted. B could be doubled, as appears not only from the foreign words abbas and sabbatum, but also from obba and gibba, and the compounds with ob and sub. B is reduplicated in bibo (cf the Gr. piô), as the shortness of the first syllable in the preterit bĭbi, compared with dēdi and stĕti or sti/ti, shows; although later bibo was treated as a primitive, and the supine bibitum formed from it. Sometimes before b an m was inserted, e. g. in cumbo for cubo kuptô, lambo for laptô, nimbus for nephos; inversely, also, it was rejected in sabucus for sambucus and labdacismus for lambdacismus. As in the middle, so at the beginning of words, b might take the place of another labial, e. g. buxis for pyxis, balaena for phalaina, carbatina for carpatina, publicus from poplicus, ambo for amphô; as even Enn. wrote Burrus and Bruges for Pyrrhus and Phryges; Naev., Balantium for Palatium (v. the latter words, and cf. Fest. p. 26).—In a later age, but not often before A.D. 300, intercourse with the Greeks caused the pronunciation of the b and v to be so similar that Adamantius Martyrius in Cassiod. pp. 2295-2310 P., drew up a separate catalogue of words which might be written with either b or v. So, Petronius has berbex for verbex, and in inscrr., but not often before A. D. 300, such errors as bixit for vixit, abe for ave, ababus for abavus, etc. (as inversely vene, devitum, acervus, vasis instead of bene, debitum, acerbus, basis), are found; Flabio, Jubentius, for Flavio, Juventius, are rare cases from the second century after Christ.—The interchange between labials, palatals, and linguals (as glans for balanos, bilis for fel or cholê) is rare at the beginning of words, but more freq. in the middle; cf. tabeo, têkô, and Sanscr. tak, terebra and teretron, uber and outhar; besides which the change of tribus Sucusana into Suburana (Varr. L. L. 5, § 48 Müll.; Quint. 1, 7, 29) deserves consideration. This interchange is most freq. in terminations used in forming words, as ber, cer, ter; brum or bulum, crum or culum, trum, bundus and cundus; bilis and tilis, etc.—Finally, the interchange of b with du at the beginning of words deserves special mention, as duonus for bonus, Bellona for Duellona, bellum for duellum, bellicus for duellicus, etc., and bis from duis.—As an abbreviation, B usually designates bonus or bene. Thus, B. D. = Bona Dea, Inscr. Orell. 1524; 2427; 2822:

    B. M. = bene merenti,

    ib. 99; 114; 506:

    B. M. P. = bene merenti posuit,

    ib. 255:

    B. D. S. M. = bene de se meritae,

    ib. 2437:

    B. V. V. = bene vale valeque,

    ib. 4816:

    B. M. = bonae memoriae,

    ib. 1136; 3385:

    B. M. = bonā mente,

    ib. 5033;

    sometimes it stands for beneficiarius, and BB. beneficiarii,

    ib. 3489; 3868; 3486 al.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > b

  • 5 demergo

    dē-mergo, si, sum, 3, v. a., to sink, submerge, to plunge into, to dip (class.).
    I.
    Lit.:

    candens ferrum in gelidum imbrem,

    Lucr. 6, 149:

    pars remorum demersa liquore,

    id. 4, 441; cf.: cornix demersit caput, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 8 fin.;

    and demersis aequora rostris Ima petunt,

    Verg. A. 9, 119:

    Marium senile corpus paludibus occultasse demersum,

    Cic. Sest. 22, 50; cf. id. Div. 2, 68; id. Fin. 2, 32, 105:

    navem,

    Plin. 32, 2, 6, § 15: triremem hostium perforare et demergere, Auct. B. Alex. 25, 5; 31 fin.:

    pullos mari,

    Suet. Tib 2; and in pass. of a person:

    vehementi circio bis paene demersus est,

    id. Claud. 17:

    plebem in fossas cloacasque exhauriendas,

    i. e. to busy, employ, Liv. 1, 59; cf.:

    vultum in undas,

    Prop. 3, 18, 9 (4, 17, 9 M.):

    metalla,

    Plin. H. N. 33 prooem.: stirpem, to sink or set in, to plant (with deponere), Col. 3, 18, 2 sq.; cf.

    surculos,

    Pall. Febr. 17, 3:

    dapes in alvum,

    Ov. M. 15, 105; cf. id. ib. 6, 664: si quando nos demersimus, ut qui urinantur, Cic. Ac. Fragm. ap. Non. 474, 27.— Poet.:

    colla demersere humeris (i. e. absconderunt),

    Stat. Th. 6, 850.—
    B.
    Esp. of the sun-god, etc., to sink in the sea, cause to set ( poet.):

    sex ubi sustulerit totidem demerserit orbes purpureum rapido qui vehit axe diem,

    Ov. F. 3, 517 sq.:

    Titan igniferi tantum demerserat orbis, quantum, etc.,

    Luc. 3, 41 sq. —
    C.
    Intrans., to set (late Lat.):

    demergit sol et nascitur,

    Min. Fel. 34, 11.—
    II.
    Trop., to sink, depress, overwhelm:

    animus depressus et quasi demersus in terram,

    Cic. de Sen. 21:

    demersae leges alicujus opibus, emergunt aliquando,

    id. Off. 2, 7, 24:

    patriam demersam extuli,

    id. Sull. 31, 87; cf. Nep. Dion, 6;

    and concidit domus, ob lucrum demersa exitio,

    Hor. Od. 3, 16, 13:

    plebs aere alieno demersa,

    Liv. 2, 29, 8; cf. id. 6, 27, 6:

    Rheam in perpetuam virginitatem demersit,

    Just. 43, 2.—P. a., dēmersus, a, um, depressed. —Comp.:

    pulsus, Coel. Am. Acut. 2, 32, 165: qui demersiora scrutantur,

    Rufin. Origen in Cant. 3, p. 10.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > demergo

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